Ligaments, which provide stability and help control motion between the segments of the spine, bind the vertebral bones to one another. Some ligaments run the entire length of the spine, others are designed to stabilize and support the tiny facet joints.

The discs are major components of the spine (stars). Each vertebral bone in the spine is joined to its neighbor by a disc. These discs are tough, durable structures formed by an outer layer of criss-crossing fibers (we can liken these to the nylon and steel plies in an automobile tire) and an inner core of proteins, carbohydrates, and water. The inner core, which acts like a very dense sponge, provides a hydraulic cushion between the vertebral bones.